A Smarter Grid for India

A Smarter Grid for India
India has recently experienced an impressive rate of growth as its government implements reforms to encourage foreign investment and improve conditions for its 1.1B citizens. However, with its electrical grid, India loses money for every unit of electricity sold. Because India is home to one of the weakest electric grids in the world, the opportunities for building the Smart Grid are great. 

Brief facts about India 

The Republic of India is the seventh-largest country by geographical area and the second by population. Like the United States, it has national, regional and local governments, including 28 states and 7 union territories.) It borders Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. 

Why India needs a Smarter Grid 

With such enormous deficiencies in basic infrastructure, why would India want to consider investing in smart grid technologies? Ultimately for India to continue along its path of aggressive economic growth, it needs to build a modern, intelligent grid. It is only with a reliable, financially secure Smart Grid that India can provide a stable environment for investments in electric infrastructure, a prerequisite to fixing the fundamental problems with the grid. Without this, India will not be able to keep pace with the growing electricity needs of its cornerstone industries, and will fail to create an environment for growth of its high tech and telecommunications sectors.

Recent grid developments

The Indian National Government, in cooperation with the State Energy Board, put forward a road to improvement when it announced the new Electricity Act of 2003, aimed at reforming electricity laws and bringing back foreign investment. The act had several important measures:

·         Unbundling the State Electricity Board’s assets into separate entities for generation, transmission, and distribution, with the intention of eventual privatization

·         Adding capacity in support of a projected energy use growth rate of  12%, coinciding with a GDP growth rate of roughly 8%

·         Improving metering efficiency

·         Auditing to create transparency and accountability at the state level

·         Improved billing and collection

·         Mandating minimum amounts of electricity from renewables

·         Requiring preferential tariff rates for renewables

·         End use efficiency to reduce the cost of electricity

There has been a recent push in India to begin labeling appliances with energy use to help consumers determine operating costs. There has also been significant effort to improve energy efficiency, for example to increase the average energy efficiency of power plants up from 30% to 40%, and pushing major industries to reduce energy consumption.

India’s grid is similar in design to the U.S.

As is the case in most of the world, the Indian national grid was not designed for high-capacity, long-distance power transfer. As is the case in the United States, India needs to interconnect regional grids. Although coal and hydro-electric potential has peaked in many parts of India (sound familiar?), there are still several regions with excess capacity. Large wind potential and increasing wind capacity in the south and west also create a need for transmission infrastructure. Unfortunately, like the United States, regions are generally sectionalized, with some asynchronous or HVDC links allowing for minimal power transfer. The biggest difference is that India’s transmission grid only reaches 80% of its population, while the transmission grid in the United States reaches over 99% of its population.

India’s grid is not financially secure
According to its Ministry of Power, India’s transmission and distribution losses are among the highest in the world, averaging 26% of total electricity production, with some states as high as 62%. When non-technical losses such as energy theft are included in the total, average losses are as high as 50%. The financial loss has been estimated at 1.5% of the national GDP, and is growing steadily.

India’s power sector is still largely dominated by state utilities. Despite several attempted partnerships with foreign investors, few projects have actually been implemented. This lack of foreign investment limits utilities’ ability to raise needed capital for basic infrastructure.

This financial frailty, coupled with public ownership of utilities and the related bureaucratic slowness, has made it very difficult for investors to take interest in India’s grid. Despite these problems, prescient U.S. companies such as GE have done business in India for decades and are positioned to help India build the Smart Grid. The first Smart Metering Conference is being held next week in India (Spintelligent’s Metering India) and the first major industrial security conference is being held in India the week of October 22 (IFSEC India.) There is tremendous interest in the business opportunities for India.

India has problems not unlike other developing countries
India’s grid is in need of major improvements. This neglect has accumulated in a variety of system failures:

·         Poorly planned distribution networks

·         Overloading of system components

·         Lack of reactive power support and regulation services

·         Low metering efficiency and bill collection

·         Power theft

While the national government’s ambitious “Power for All” plan calls for the addition of over 1 TW of additional capacity by 2012, it faces the challenge of overcoming a history of poor power quality, capacity shortfalls and frequent blackouts.

What issues should India address first?
Without addressing the problems of investment and financial stability, India is not able to solve its inadequate grid infrastructure. Financial stability and concurrent investment only arises from lowering the enormous problems with power theft in India.

One example:  In a demonstration project in nearby Malaysia, TNB Distribution, Malaysia’s largest power company, had to deal with similar problems. Facing enormous power theft, payment delinquency and poor power quality, they chose to implement a new program to reduce losses. They found many significant reasons for their losses, a lack of consistent billing practices, inconsistent meter readers, significant numbers of tampered meters, uncollected debt, and a general lack of information availability at all levels. TNB Distribution successfully dealt with their problems by increasing transparency, and using regular auditing. These are the same issues addressed by the deployment of an advanced metering infrastructure, which helps to increase information transparency and tracking. 

A recent presentation at the India Electricity 2006 conference also suggested using demand side management to selectively curtail electricity use for delinquent customers or neighborhoods, while improving power quality for consistently paying customers. While this may not sound like a desirable program to most American utilities, it may make sense in India’s constrained power grid, where high levels of delinquency have increased system load without revenue returns.

Another driver behind the need for a smarter grid in India is its trends towards energy efficiency and increased use of renewables. While blanket energy efficiency is important, India would greatly benefit from intelligent energy efficiency in the form of demand response and grid-responsive appliances.

For more information about the emerging smart grid in India, please see the references below.

This article was written by Alex Zheng, a graduate student of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University. Alex also consults to utilities and national laboratories as part of Horizon Energy Group. SGN Managing Editor, Philip Bane, who has significant personal and business experience in India contributed to this article.

   E-mail Alex Zheng

   The Indian Electricity Market: Country Study and Investment Context  (P. M. Lamb.  Program on Energy and Sustainable Development. Stanford University. July 2006. PDF)

   Energy Conservation by Demand Side Management  (K.P. Gupta. Gujarat Electricity  Regulatory Commission. India Electricity 2006. PDF)

   DSM, Energy Modesty, Energy Efficiency and Energy Intensity  (A. Kaupp. Indo-German  Energy Programme (IGEN). Presented at India Electricity 2006. PPT)

   Improving Efficiency and Profitability. Power Sector - Distribution (Renoir Consulting  Limited. Presented at India Electricity 2006. PPT)

   EC Technologies & Quality Standards – DSM (G.C. Datta Roy. DSCL Energy Services. Presented at India Electricity 2006. PPT)

   World Energy Investment Outlook. 2003 Insights (PDF) (International Energy Agency)

   Ministry of Power(Government of India)

   Metering India website

   IFSEC India website